http://patient.info/medicine/metronidazole-for-infection-flagyl

-olol:
Stem: Beta-blockers (propranolol type)
Ex: atenolol, timolol, esmolol, propranolol, metoprolol 

Mnemonics:
olol => bb looks like => b = beta => bb = beta2 (but be careful, it could olol could just do beta1 only too)

- degludec with metformin
(metformin is not to be used with patients with high creatinine because of metformin-associated lactic acidosis) tho it's controversial now.

- degludec  Tresiba.

- lantus

- 

BPH drugs act to block alpha1. Mnemonics: too much alpha 1 => vasoconstriction => cannot pee. Therefore, blocking alpha1 will prevent vasoconstriciton to happen => pee ok now.

tamsulosin (Flomax)
prazosin (Minipress)

Mnemonics:
Osin => sin similar to sildenafil => man's drugs => but not sildanefil => so it's BPH drugs
tamsu => ta^m su*. in vietnamese, the man says his guy is not working so well. He wants to chitchat, doesn't really want to talk out loud about his problem
Prazosin => prazo => ra dzo^ lie^n tu.c => BPH problems.

Drugs:
Albuterol (proventil, ventolin)
Salmeterol (Serevent)
Terbutaline (Brethine)

Long-acting asthma inhaler

Long-acting asthma inhaler

Terbutaline SubQ injection

                                     
Terbutaline Acute-care use:
Onset: "Sub-Q: Measurable changes in expiratory flow rate occur within 5 minutes." (1)


(1): http://www.drugs.com/monograph/terbutaline-sulfate.html


Quoted from: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/568509_7

Although the results of a study by Appel et al.^[79] do not clearly define the role of systemic β-agonists in the treatment of life-threatening asthma, it suggests that subcutaneous administration of epinephrine or terbutaline should be considered in patients unresponsive to continuous nebulized β2-agonists, and in those patients unable to cooperate due to alteration of mental status or an inability to tolerate inhaled therapy. Epinephrine may also be delivered in intubated patients not responding to inhaled therapy during mechanical ventilation. Subcutaneously, 0.3-0.5 ml (1: 1000) of epinephrine can be administered every 20 min to a maximum of three doses. Terbutaline can be administered subcutaneously (0.25-0.5 mg) and is the preferred treatment in pregnant females. Subcutaneous administration of epinephrine or terbutaline should not be delayed since it is well tolerated even in older patients with no history of myocardialinfarction.^[80]Intravenous infusion of terbutaline starting at 0.05-0.10 μg/kg per min has been utilized predominantly in pediatric patients. It may be considered in the treatment of patients with no response to inhaled or subcutaneous treatment, and in whom respiratory arrest is imminent, or in patients not adequately ventilated despite optimal setting of the ventilator. A recent double blind, randomized controlled trial by Bogie et al.^[81] evaluated the benefit of intravenous terbutaline in 49 nonventilated children with acute severe asthma who were already on continuous high-dose nebulized albuterol. Although the use of intravenous terbutaline was associated with improvement in the clinical asthma severity score over the first 24 h, shorter use of continuous nebulized albuterol, and shorter ICU stay, the differences were not statistically significant.^[81]

By condition:
Bradycardia: Isoproterenol
Dysrhythmias: Isoproterenol
Heart Failure: DOBUTamine
Cardiac arrest: epinephrine
Shock: DOPamine, NorEpi, Phenyl-epherine
Nasal congestion: Pseudo-Ephrine, Phenyl-ephrine, Oxymetazoline
Tension: DOPamine, Clonidine
Asthma: albuterol, salmeterol, terbutaline
Anaphylaxis: epinephrine
Slow uterine contraction: terbutaline



By condition with receptors:

Bradycardia: Isoproterenol (beta1, beta2)

Dysrhythmias: Isoproterenol (beta1, beta2)

Heart Failure:
              DOBUTamine: beta 1 (mostly), beta 2 (later) > alpha 1

Cardiac arrest: Epinephrine (alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2)

Shock:
              Dopamine: DA, alpha 1, beta 1
              NorEpi: alpha1, alpha2 > beta 1
              Phenylepherine: alpha1, alpha2

Nasal congestion:  
              Pseudo-ephrine:  alpha 1, alpha 2 > beta 1, beta 2
              Phenyl-epherine: alpha 1, alpha 2
              Oxymetazoline: alpha 2 (periphery)

Tension:
             Dopamine: DA, alpha 1, beta 1
             Clonidine: alpha 2 (CNS)

Asthma:
             Albuterol: beta2
             Salmeterol: beta2
             Terbutaline: beta2

Slow uterine contraction:
             Terbutaline: beta2

Dopamine (Intropin) for hypotension
Clonidine (Catapres) for HTN


Receptors
Dopamine (Intropin) - DA, alpha 1, beta 1
Clonidine (Catapres) - alpha 2 in CNS

Why it works?:
Dopamine is used for hypotension while other vasopressors are not. Why? Phenyl-ephrine is too strong as alpha vasoconstrictors that it's not used. NorEpi with its effects on beta receptors also increase heart rate which is not preferrable for a person who is hypotensive. Why would a hypotensive persons shouldn't have increase heart rate? Look this hypotensive person is not in shock yet, the heart is still beating fast already. However, you don't want the heart to beat that fast in hypotensive, so you want to give Dopamine.

Clonidine works because it activates alpha 2 receptors in CNS. Remember that while alpha 2 receptors in periphery cause vasoconstriction, in the CNS they cause vasodilation leading to reducing the tension in the CNS pressures. Super helpful for HTN cerebral patients.

~Wonder Me!

Shock: edema due to 3-5L NS & gangrene due to vassopressors

Drugs:
Dopamine (Intropin)
NorEpinephrine (Levophed)
Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)


Receptors:
3 different receptors: Dopamine (Intropin) - DA, alpha1, beta 1
2 similar receptors + 1 different receptor: NorEpinephrine (Levophed) - Alpha1, alpha 2 > beta 1
2 similar receptors: Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) - alpha1, alpha 2

Nasal decongestants: activate alpha 2 in the periphery leading to vasoconstrictiton. Vasoconstriction of vessels reduces inflammation swelling 


Ex:
Pseudo-ephedrine (Sudafed) nasal spray
Phenyl-ephrine (Neo-synephrine) nasal spray 
Oxymetazoline (Afrin) nasal spray

Receptors:
4 receptors: Pseudo-ephedrine (Sudafed) nasal spray => alpha 1, alpha 2 > beta 1, beta 2
2 receptors: Phenyl-ephrine (Neo-synephrine) nasal spray => alpha 1, alpha 2  
1 receptor:  Oxymetazoline (Afrin) nasal spray => alpha 2 

Mnemonics: 
Pseudo-ephedrine: similar to epinephrine but strongly selects the top Alpha1 & alpha2, not acting well on beta1 and beta 2 versions.
Oxy-met-az-oline: Oxygen met A2 receptors

~Wonder Me!

Commercial ads:

sudafed behind-the-counter => usu. works better than oxymetazoline, still 3-day rebound.
but most people like to use fluticartisone nasal spray (nasal steroids)

alpha > beta

naming: su-da-fed = PSEU-DO-...-PHE-rine

Su beo = Su-Da-Fed => nasal d/c

CLON-i-DI-ne = KLON-DI-ke

Receptors:
activates alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the brain
=> reduces sympathetic outflow from the CNS 
decreases peripheral resistance, renal vascular resistance, heart rate, and blood pressure

Mnemonics: clon-alpha2-vasvagal=> hypotension



"Cl" looks like α. And there are two "i"s in Clonidine. Clonidine is clonning α2. Therefore, it is α2 agonist. (Source: http://medmnemonicsmsih.blogspot.com/2010/09/1-drug-clonidine-use-hypertension.html)

Receptors: alpha > Beta1
for vasoconstriction & increased heart rate

Septic shock?

Normally, in normal physiology, when one part of your body is infected, that part will have vasodilation with increased release of cytokines, white blood cells.

Now, in pathophysiology, in sepsis, when the entire body has vasodilation due to whole-body infection, it's getting worse. Important internal organs such as the brain, the heart, the kidneys don't have enough blood perfusion. Vasodilation is everywhere including the peripheral digitals.

Therefore, you want to use vasopressors to return blood to these important organs.

Now, Phenyl-ephrine is very strong, it can cause gangrene in peripheral digits leading to ultimate amputation. So, you don't want to use Phenylephrine as the first-choice drug.

At the early stage of sepsis, the heart beats very fast to compensate and pump blood to all of these dilated blood vessels throughout the body. You can just give IV hydration to these patients to help them out (pioneered by Blalock from Johns Hopkins). Sometimes you'll have to give like 3-6L of NS (in total) free standing to these patients. The patient will have blood pressure and heart rate going towards more normal limits as they receive 1-3L NS free standing. However, these fluids will go to the insterstitial space or extravascular to the peripheral causing edema. As the edema develops, the patient will refract back to near-septic shock and blood pressure will go low and heart rate will increase again. Then, you'll treat them with more NS for their fluids (aggressive fluid hydration) together with IV antibiotics. If patient becomes stabilized, they are good. If not, you'll start them on vasopressors. Now, the choice of vasopressors would be NorEpi since it doesn't cause arrhythmia as much as Dopamine (tho some said DOPamine is the choice for good perfusion of kidneys due to dopaminergic agonist effects). Phenylephrine will be the drug of choice tho if heart rate is too high.

Now, remember that Phenylephrine is not the drug of choice for first line because you want some increased heart rate (Beta 1 agonist effects) and some heart contractility (alpha 1 effects) => Alpha 1 (NorEpi)

Dopamine or NorEpi.
Most ICU Dopamine - more arrhythmia
Pulm ICU & Cardio ICU - NorEpi first choice, preferred
Phenylephrine - vasoconstrictor only, better to have iotropes or chronottropes.
However, if the heart runs too fast, Dopamine, NorEpi are out for Phenylephrine to be used.

~with help from my bf
~Wonder Me!

Why it works?

We use DOBUTamine for heart failure because DOBUTamine only increases the heart muscle contractility (inotropic) but not the peripheral blood vessels (too little alpha 1 effects to have any effects).

In heart failure, the heart itself has already failed to contract due to myopathy. Using DOBUTamine would increase the heart's inotropic effects without vasoconstriction causing increased peripheral blood vessel increase.

If you use DOPamine, you can cause inotropic (b1 agonist) and increased peripheral pressure due to vasoconstriction (a1 agonist). The a1 agonist effect will cause increased blood pressure forcing the heart to work even harder. This is not good for an already weak heart (heart failure). Therefore, DOBUTamine is preferable.

Now, if you have a shock case in which the heart beats too slowly and the blood pressure is too low but the total blood volume is not lost, you can use DOPamine to increase heart rate (beta1 effects) and vasoconstriction (alpha 1 effects). And, theoretically, DOPamine is preferred over other vasopressors for shock because it perfuses the renal functions thru the dopaminergic receptors (DA receptor).

(thanks to my bf for explaining this to me :))
~Wonder Me!

Naming:

-azoline

Antihistamines/local vasoconstrictors (antazoline type)

antazoline

Use:

See: http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/jsp/drugportal/DrugNameGenericStems.jsp

Stem Definition Examples -abine (see -arabine, -citabine) decitabine -ac Anti-inflammatory agents (acetic acid derivatives) bromfenac; dexpemedolac -acetam See -racetam -actide Synthetic corticotropins seractide -adol or -aldol- Analgesics (mixed opiate receptor agonists/ antagonists) tazadolene; spiradolene; levonantradol -adox Antibacterials (quinoline dioxide derivatives) carbadox -afenone Antiarrhythmics (propafenone derivatives) alprafenone; diprafenone -afil PDE5 inhibitors tadalafil -aj- Antiarrhythmics (ajmaline derivatives) lorajmine -aldrate Antacid aluminum salts magaldrate -algron Alpha1 - and alpha2 - adrenoreceptor agonists dabuzalgron -alol Combined alpha and beta blockers labetalol; medroxalol -amivir (see -vir) -ampa Ionotropic non-NMDA glutamate receptors (AMPA and/or KA receptors) subgroups: -ampanel Ionotropic non-NMDA glutamate receptors (AMPA and/or KA receptors); antagonists becampanel -ampator Ionotropic non-NMDA glutamate receptors (AMPA and/or KA receptors); modulators forampator -andr- Androgens nandrolone -anib Angiogenesis inhibitors semaxanib -anserin Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonists altanserin; tropanserin; adatanserin -antel Anthelmintics (undefined group) carbantel -antrone Antineoplastics; anthraquinone derivatives pixantrone -apsel P-selectin antagonists torapsel -arabine Antineoplastics (arabinofuranosyl derivatives) fazarabine; fludarabine aril-, -aril, -aril- Antiviral (arildone derivatives) pleconaril; arildone; fosarilate -arit Antirheumatics (lobenzarit type) lobenzarit; clobuzarit -arol Anticoagulants (dicumarol type) dicumarol -arone Antiarrhythmics amiodarone; dronedarone -arot- Arotinoids etarotene; sumarotene; tazarotene subgroup: -arotene Arotinoid derivatives bexarotene; linarotene; tazarotene arte- Antimalarials (artemisin derivatives) arteflene -ase Enzymes alglucerase; dornase alfa subgroups: -dismase Enzymes; superoxide dismutase activity (exception: orgotein) sudismase -teplase Enzymes; tissue-type plasminogen activators alteplase; duteplase; silteplase -uplase Enzymes; urokinase-type plasminogen activators saruplase; nasaruplase -ast Antiasthmatics/antiallergics (not acting primarily as antihistamines; leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors) subgroups: -lukast Antiasthmatics/antiallergics; leukotriene receptor antagonists cinalukast; pobilukast -milast Antiasthmatics/antiallergics; type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitors piclamilast -trodast Antiasthmatics/antiallergics; thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists seratrodast -zolast Antiasthmatics/antiallergics; benzoxazole derivatives eclazolast; ontazolast -tegr- Antiasthmatics/antiallergics; integrin antagonists valategrast -astine Antihistaminics (histamine-H1 receptor antagonists) ebastine -(a)tadine Tricyclic histaminic-H1 receptor antagonists, loratadine derivatives desloratadine; rupatadine; somantadine -atadine Tricyclic antiasthmatics olopatadine; loratadine -axine Antianxiety, antidepressant inhibitor of norepinephrine and dopamine re-uptake subgroup: -(f)axine radafaxine -azenil Benzodiazepine receptor agonists/antagonists bretazenil; flumazenil -azepam Antianxiety agents (diazepam type) lorazepam -azepide Cholecystokinin receptor antagonists devazepide -azocine Narcotic antagonists/agonists (6,7-benzomorphan derivatives) quadazocine; ketazocine -azoline Antihistamines/local vasoconstrictors (antazoline type) antazoline -azosin Antihypertensives (prazosin type) doxazosin -bactam Beta-lactamase inhibitors sulbactam -bamate Tranquilizers/antiepileptics (propanediol and pentanediol groups) meprobamate; felbamate -barb or -barb Barbituric acid derivatives phenobarbital; secobarbital; eterobarb -begron Beta 3 adrenoreceptor agonist talibegron -bendazole Anthelmintics (tibendazole type) cambendazole -berel Beta estrogen receptor agonist prinaberel -bersat Anticonvulsants; antimigraine (benzoylamino-benzpyran derivatives) carabersat; tidembersat bol- or -bol- Anabolic steroids bolandiol; mibolerone -bufen Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, fenbufen derivatives indobufen -bulin Antineoplastics (mitotic inhibitors; tubulin binders) mivobulin -butan Antiseptics (dapabutan type) dapabutan; lopobutan -butazone Anti-inflammatory analgesics (phenylbutazone type) mofebutazone -caine Local anesthetics dibucaine calci- or -calci- Vitamin D analogues calcipotriene; tacalcitol -camra Antivirals (intracellular adhesion molecules, icam-1 derivatives) tremacamra -camsule Camphorsulfonic acid derivatives used as UVA sunscreens ecamsule -casan Caspase (interleukin –1b) converting enzyme inhibitors pralnacasan -caserin Serotonin receptor agonists, primarily 5-HT2 lorcaserin; vabicaserin -castat (see -stat) -carbef Antibiotics (carbacephem derivatives) loracarbef -catib Cathespin inhibitors balicatib -cavir (see -vir) cef- Cephalosporins cefazolin -cept Receptor molecules, native or modified ( a preceding infix should designate the target) alvircept subgroups: -co- Receptor molecules, native or modified;complement receptors mirococept -facept Receptor molecules, native or modified;lymphocyte function-associated with antigen 3 (LFA) receptor alefacept -farcept Receptor molecules, native or modified; interferon receptors pifarcept -lefacept Receptor molecules, native or modified; lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 alefacept -nercept Receptor molecules, native or modified; tumor necrosis factor receptors lenercept -vircept Receptor molecules, native or modified; antiviral receptors alvircept -cet Receptors (small molecule) subgroup: -calcet Receptors (small molecule); calcium tecalcet -cetrapib Cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors torcetrapib -cic Hepatoprotectives (timonacic type) limazocic -ciclib Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors seliciclib -ciclovir (see -vir) -cidib Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor alvocidib -cidin Natural antibiotics (undefined group) gramicidin -ciguat Guanaline cyclase activator ataciguat; atriciguat -cillin Penicillins ampicillin -citabine Nucleoside antiviral or antineoplastic agents, cytarabine or azarabine derivatives gemcitabine; fiacitabine; zalcitabine -clidine Muscarinic agonists (various indications) vedaclidine; talsaclidine -clone Hypnotics/tranquilizers (zopiclone type) pagoclone -cog Blood coagulation factors subgroups: -eptacog Blood coagulation factors; blood coagulation factor VII eptacog alfa (activated) -nonacog Blood coagulation factors; blood coagulation factor IX nonacog alfa -octocog Blood coagulation factors; blood coagulation factor VIII moroctocog alfa; octocog alfa -cogin Blood coagulation cascade inhibitor tifacogin -conazole Systemic antifungals (miconazole type) fluconazole; oxiconazole -cort- Cortisone derivatives hydrocortisone -coxib Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors celecoxib; parecoxib; valdecoxib -cridar (see -dar) -crinat Diuretics (ethacrynic acid derivatives) brocrinat -crine Acridine derivatives amsacrine; quinacrine -cromil Antiallergics (cromoglicic acid derivatives) nedocromil -curium (also -curonium) Neuromuscular blocking agents (quaternary ammonium compounds) atracurium; alcuronium; pipecuronium -cycline Antibiotics (tetracycline derivatives) minocycline -dan Positive inotropic agents (pimobendan type) prinoxodan; indolidan -dapsone Antimycobacterials (diaminodiphenylsulfone derivatives) acedapsone -dar Multidrug resistance inhibitors subgroups: -cridar Multidrug resistance inhibitors;acridine carboxamide derivatives elacridar -icodar Multidrug resistance inhibitors;pipecolic acid derivatives biricodar -quidar Multidrug resistance inhibitors; quinoline derivatives lamiquidar; zozuquidar -spodar Multidrug resistance inhibitors; ciclosporin D derivatives valspodar -denoson Adenosine A receptor agonists tecadenoson; binodenoson -dermin (see -ermin) dil-, -dil- or -dil Vasodilators (undefined group) fostedil -dipine Phenylpyridine vasodilators (nifedipine type) darodipine; felodipine -dismase (see -ase) -distim (see -stim) -ditan Antimigraine (5-HT1 receptor agonists) alniditan -dopa Dopamine receptor agonists levodopa -dore Dopamine D2D3 receptor modulators aplindore fumarate -dotin Synthetic analogs of the dolastatin series tasidotin HCl -dralazine Antihypertensives (hydrazine-phthalazines) hydralazine; endralazine -dronate Calcium metabolism regulators etidronate; tiludronate -dutant (see -tant) -ectedin Ecteinascodin derivatives monectedin -ectin Antiparasitics (ivermectin type) doramectin; moxidectin -elestat (see -stat) -elvakin (see -kin) -emcinal Erythromycin derivatives lacking antibiotic activity mitemcinal -entan Endothelin receptor antagonists bosentan -eptacog (see -cog) -eptakin (see -kin) -erg- Ergot alkaloid derivatives pergolide -eridine Analgesics (meperidine type) anileridine -ermin Growth factors subgroups: -bermin Growth factors; vascular endothelial growth factors telbermin -dermin Growth factors; epidermal growth factors murodermin -fermin Growth factors; fibroblast growth factors ersofermin -nermin Growth factors; tumor necrosis factors sonermin; tasonermin -plermin Growth factors; platelet derived growth factors becaplermin -sermin Growth factors; insulin-like growth factors mecasermin -termin Growth factors; transforming growth factors cetermin sub subgroups: -otermin Growth factors; bone morphogenetic proteins dibotermin alfa estr- or -estr- Estrogens estrone; fenestrel subgroups: -estrant Estrogen antagonists fulvestrant -etanide Diuretics (piretanide type) bumetanide -exakin (see -kin) -ezolid Oxazolidinone antibacterials eperezolid; linezolid -farnib Farnesyl transferase inhibitor tipifarnib -fenamate "fenamic acid" ester or salt derivatives etofenamate -fenamic acid Anti-inflammatory agents (anthranilic acid derivatives) flufenamic acid -fenin Diagnostic aids ((phenylcarbamoyl)methyl iminodiacetic acid derivatives) arclofenin -fenine Analgesics (fenamic acid subgroup) floctafenine -fentanil Narcotic analgesics (fentanyl derivatives) alfentanil; mirfentanil; brifentanil -fentrine Phosphodiesterase inhibitor pumafentrine -fermin (see -ermin) -fetamin(e) Amfetamine derivatives levmetamfetamine -fiban Fibrinogen receptor antagonists (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists) lamifiban; tirofiban -fibatide (see -tide) -fibrate Antihyperlipidemics (clofibrate type) bezafibrate -filcon Hydrophilic contact lens materials alphafilcon A; xylofilcon A; mipafilcon A -fingol Sphingosine derivatives cedefingol; safingol -flapon 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) inhibitors quiflapon -flurane General inhalation anesthetics (halogenated alkane derivatives) enflurane -fo- Phosphoro-derivatives adefovir -focon Hydrophobic contact lens materials trifocon A; pasifocon B; satafoconA -formin Hypoglycemics (phenformin type) buformin -fradil Calcium channel blockers acting as vasodilators mibefradil -fulven Antineoplastic, acylfulven derivatives viridofulven -fungin Antifungal antibiotics (undefined group) kalafungin -fylline Theophylline derivatives enprofylline; bamifylline; cipamfylline -gab- Gabamimetics fengabine gado- Gadolinium derivatives (principally for diagnostic use) gadodiamide; gadoteridol;gadobenate -gapil Neuronal apoptosis inhibitors; GAPDH omigapil -ganan Antimicrobial, bactericidal permeability increasing polypeptide iseganan; pexiganan -gatran Thrombin inhibitors (argatroban type) efegatran -gest- Progestins megestrol -giline MAO inhibitors, type B selegiline -gillin Antibiotics (Aspergillus strains) mitogillin gli- Antihyperglycemics gliflumide -gliptin Antihyperglycemics; dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-IV inhibitors vildagliptin -glitazar Antihyperglycemics; PPAR agonists (not thiazolidene derivatives) farglitizar -glitazone Antihyperglycemics; PPST agonists (thiazolidene derivatives) ciglitazone; rosiglitazone -glumide CCK antagonists, antiulcer, anxiolytic agent amiglumide; itriglumide -golix GnRH receptor antagonists (nonpeptide) rupugolix -gosivir (see -vir) -gramostim (see -stim) -grastim (see -stim) -grel- or -grel Platelet aggregation inhibitors (undefined group) itazigrel; dimetagrel; furegrelate guan- Antihypertensives (guanidine derivatives) guanoctine -ibat Ileal bile acid transport inhibitor barixibat -icam Anti-inflammatory agents (isoxicam type) enolicam; tenoxicam -icodar (see -dar) -ifen(e) Antiestrogens of the clomifene and tamoxifen groups nitromifene; raloxifene; droloxifene -ilide Class III antiarrhythmic agents ibutilide; risotilide; dofetilide -imepodib Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors merimepodib -imex Immunostimulants forfenimex; roquinimex; ubenimex -imibe- Antihyperlipidaemics, acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors eldacimibe; avasimibe; pactimibe -imod Immunomodulators ivarimod; pidotimod subgroup: -mapimod Immunomodulators; mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors dormapimod -imus Immunosuppressives tacrolimus; napirimus; gusperimus; sirolimus io- Iodine-containing contrast media iodamide -irudin Anticoagulants (hirudin type) desirudin -isant Histamine H3 receptor antagonists cipralisant -isomide Antiarrhythmics (disopyramide derivatives) bidisomide -ium (also -onium) Quaternary ammonium derivatives clidinium; disiquonium; polixetonium -ixafor CXCR4 antagonists plerixifor -kacin Antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces kanamyceticus (related to kanamycin) amikacin -kalant Potassium channel antagonists almokalant; terikalant -kalim Potassium channel agonists cromakalim; aprikalim -kalner Opener of large conductance calcium-activated (maxi-k) K+ channels flindokalner -kef- Enkephalin agonists (various indications) metkephamide; casokefamide -kin Interleukin type substances subgroups: -decakin Interleukin type substances; interleukin-10 analogues and derivatives ilodecakin -dodekin Interleukin type substances; interleukin-12 analogues and derivatives edodekin alfa -elvekin Interleukin type substances; interleukin 11 analogues and derivatives oprelvekin -eptakin Interleukin type substances; interleukin 7 analogues and derivatives -exakin Interleukin type substances; interleukin 6 analogues and derivatives atexakin alfa -leukin Interleukin type substances; interleukin 2 analogues and derivatives teceleukin; aldesleukin -nakin Interleukin 1 analogues and derivatives sub subgroups: -onakin Interleukin 1 analogues and derivatives; interleukin 1-a analogues and derivatives pitonakin -benakin Interleukin 1 analogues and derivatives; iinterleukin 1-b analogues and derivatives mobenakin -nonakin Interleukin 1 analogues and derivatives; iinterleukin 9 analogues and derivatives -octakin Interleukin 1 analogues and derivatives; iinterleukin 8 analogues and derivatives emoctakin -penkin Interleukin 1 analogues and derivatives; iinterleukin 5 analogues and derivatives -trakin Interleukin 1 analogues and derivatives; iinterleukin 4 analogues and derivatives binetrakin -kinra Interleukin receptor antagonists subgroup: -nakinra Interleukin receptor antagonists; interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor antagonists anakinra -kiren Renin inhibitors ditekiren; terlakiren; zankiren -lazad Lipid peroxidation inhibitors tirilazad -leptin Leptin derivatives metreleptin -leukin (see -kin) -lind Pro-apoptotic cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors ractalind; dractalind subgroup: -sulind Pro-apoptotic cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors; antineoplastics, sulindac metabolites exisulind -lipim Lipoprotein lipase activators ibrolipim -locib Antineoplastics that inhibit the formation of 5-LO, LTB4, LTC4, and thromboxane B2 (TxB2); and Activate PPARg nuclear receptors etalocib -lubant Leukotriene receptor antagonists (treatment of inflammatory skin disorders) ticolubant -lukast (see -ast) -lutamide Antiandrogens bicalutamide; flutamide -lutril Neutral endopeptidase inhibitors possessing additional endothelin converting enzyme inhibitory activity daglutril -mab Monoclonal antibodies imciromab; abciximab; capromab; dacliximab; detumomab; enlimomab subgroups: -axo- Monoclonal antibodies; rat-murine hybrid antibodies -les- Monoclonal antibodies; infix for inflammatory/infectious lesions -toxa- Monoclonal antibodies; toxin as a target urtoxazumab -mantadine or -mantine Antivirals/antiparkinsonians (adamantane derivatives) rimantadine; dopamantine -mastat (see -stat) -meline Cholinergic agonists (arecoline derivatives used in treatment of Alzheimer's disease) xanomeline -melteon Selective melatonin receptor agonist ramelteon -mer Polymers cadexomer; carbetimer -mesine Sigma receptor ligands igmesine; panamesine -mestane Antineoplastics (aromatase inhibitors) plomestane -metacin Anti-inflammatory agents (indomethacin type) zidometacin -micin Antibiotics (Micromonospora strains) maduramicin; gentamicin -monam Monobactam antibiotics gloximonam; oximonam; tigemonam -morelin (see -relin) -moren Non-peptidic growth hormone secretagogues ibutamoren -mostim (see -stim) -motine Antivirals (quinoline derivatives) famotine -moxin Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (hydrazine derivatives) benmoxin; domoxin -mulin Antibacterials, pleuromulin derivatives retapamulin -multin Mucosal tolerance inductors ismomultin -mustine Antineoplastics (chloroethylamine derivatives) carmustine -mycin Antibiotics (Streptomyces strains) lincomycin nab- or -nab- Cannabinol derivatives nabazenil; dronabinol -nakalant Mixed sodium/potassium channel blockers vernakalant -nakin (see -kin) nal- Narcotic agonists/antagonists (normorphine type) nalmefene -navir (see -vir) -nercept (see -cept) -nermin (see -ermin) -nertant Neurotensin receptor antagonists reminertant -nesib Kinesin inhibitors ispinesib -netant (see -tant) -neurin Neurotensin receptor antagonists; neurotropins abrineurin -nicline Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonists/agonists nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (tenidap altinicline -nidap Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (tenidap type) ilonidap; tenidap -nidazole Antiprotozoal substances (metronidazole type) tinidazole nifur- 5-nitrofuran derivatives nifuratel; nifuratrone -nil Benzodiazepine receptor antagonists/agonists subgroups: -punil Mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor (MBR) selective, partial, or inverse agonists (purine derivatives) emapunil -quinil Benzodiazepine receptor agonists, also partial or inverse (quinoline derivatives) lirequinil -nixin Anti-inflammatory agents (anilinonicotinic acid derivatives) clonixin -nonacog (see -cog) -nonakin (see -kin) -octacog (see -cog) -octakin (see -kin) -olol Beta-blockers (propranolol type) timolol; atenolol -olone Steroids (not prednisolone derivatives) minaxolone -onide Topical steroids (acetal derivatives) amcinonide -opilone Epothilone filopilone -orex Anorexiants fludorex -orphan Narcotic antagonists/agonists dextro-(morphinan derivatives) methorphan; dextrorphan -osuran Urotensin receptor antagonists palosuran -otilate Hepatoprotectants, di-isopropyl-1,3-dithiol- malonate derivatives mivotilate -oxacin Antibacterials (quinolone derivatives) difloxacin; ciprofloxacin -oxan Alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists (benzodioxane derivatives) imiloxan -oxanide Antiparasitics (salicylanilide derivatives) bromoxanide -oxef Antibiotics (oxacefalosporanic acid derivatives) flomoxef -oxetine Antidepressants (fluoxetine type) dapoxetine; seproxetine -pafant Platelet-activating factor antagonists apafant; dacopafant; tulopafant; lexipafant -pamide Diuretics (sulfamoylbenzoic acid derivatives) alipamide -pamil Coronary vasodilators (verapamil type) tiapamil -pamine Dopaminergics (butopamine type) fosopamine; ibopamine -panel AMPA receptor antagonists fanapanel; irumpanel; talampanel -parcil Antithrombotics beciparcil; iliparcil -parcin Glycopeptide antibiotics avoparcin -parin Heparin derivatives and low molecular weight (or depolymerized) heparins heparin; tinzaparin; dalteparin -parinux Antithrombotyic indirect selective synthetic factor Xa inhibitors fondaparinux -paroid Antithrombotics (heparinoid type) danaparoid; sulparoid peg- PEGylated compounds pegcaristim; pegnartograstim;pegvisomant -penem Antibacterial antibiotics (carbapenem derivatives) imipenem -penkin (see -kin) perflu- Blood substitutes and/or diagnostics (perfluorochemicals) perflubron; perflunafene -peridol Antipsychotics (haloperidol type) haloperidol -peridone Antipsychotics (risperidone type) risperidone; iloperidone; ocaperidone -perone Antianxiety agents/neuroleptics (4'-fluoro-4-piperidinobutyrophenone derivatives) duoperone -pezil Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease icopezil; donepezil -pidem Hypnotics/sedatives (zolpidem type) zolpidem; alpidem -pirdine Cognition enhancers linopirdine; besipirdine; sibopirdine -pirox Antimycotics (pyridone derivatives) ciclopirox -pitant (see -tant) -plact Platelet factor 4 analogs and derivatives iroplact -pladib Phospholipase A2 inhibitors ecopladib -planin Antibacterials (Actinoplanes strains) mideplanin; ramoplanin; teicoplanin -platin Antineoplastics (platinum derivatives) cisplatin -plasninin Inhibitors of plasminogen activator inhibitors – type 1 tiplasninin -plermin (see -ermin) -plestim (see -stim) -plon Non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics ocinaplon; zaleplon -poetin Erythropoietins epoetin alfa; epoetin beta -porfin Benzoporphyrin derivatives verteporfin; temoporfin -pramine Antidepressants (imipramine type) lofepramine -prazan Acid pump inhibitors, not dependent on acid activation omidaprazan -prazole Antiulcer agents (benzimidazole derivatives) omeprazole; disuprazole subgroup: -maprazole Antiulcer agents (benzimidazole derivatives); acid pump inhibitors pumaprazole pred-, -pred- or -pred Prednisone and prednisolone derivatives prednicarbate; cloprednol; oxisopred -pressin Vasoconstrictors (vasopressin derivatives) desmopressin -pride Sulpiride derivatives remoxipride; zacopride -pril Antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors) enalapril; temocapril; spirapril -prilat Antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors) (diacid analogs of the -pril entity) enalaprilat; spiraprilat -prinim Nootropic agents, purine derivatives leteprinim -prim Antibacterials (trimethoprim type) ormetoprim -prisnil Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRM) asoprisnil -pristin Antibacterials, pristinamycin derivatives quinupristin; efepristin -pristone Progesterone receptor antagonists mifepristone -profen Anti-inflammatory/analgesic agents (ibuprofen type) flurbiprofen -prost- or -prost Prostaglandin derivatives rioprostil; dinoprost -protafib Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors ertiprotafib -pultide (see -tide) -proget Nonsteroidal ligand for the progesterone receptor tanaproget -queside Cholesterol sequestrants (glycosides) pamaqueside -racetam Nootropes (piracetam type) piracetam -racil Uracil type antineoplastics eniluracil; gemeracil; oteracil -relin Prehormones or hormone-release stimulating peptides subgroups: nafarelin subgroups: -morelin Growth hormone-release stimulating peptides dumorelin -tirelin Thyrotropin releasing hormone analogues protirelin -relix Hormone-release inhibiting peptides aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone type) detirelix -renone Aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone type) canrenone -restat (see -stat) -retin- or -retin Retinol derivatives etretinate; pelretin -rev Therapeutic virus subgroup: -tucirev Therapeutic virus; tumoricidal lontucirev -ribine Ribofuranil derivatives (pyrazofurin type) loxoribine rifa- Antibiotics (rifamycin derivatives) rifapentine; rifampin -rinone Cardiotonics (amrinone type) milrinone -rozole Aromatase inhibitors (imidazole/triazole derivatives) letrozole; fadrozole; vorozole -rsen Antisense oligonucleotides alicaforsen -rubicin Antineoplastic antibiotics (daunorubicin type) esorubicin; idarubicin sal-, -sal- or -sal Anti-inflammatory agents (salicylic acid derivatives) mesalamine; diflunisal; balsalazide -sartan Angiotensin II receptor antagonists losartan; eprosartan -semide Diuretics (furosemide type) azosemide -sermin (see -ermin) -serod Serotonin receptor antagonists and partial agonists piboserod -serpine Rauwolfia alkaloid derivatives reserpine -setron Serotonin 5-HT3 antagonists ondansetron; granisetron; lurosetron -siban Oxytocin antagonists barusiban -sidomine Antianginals (sydnone derivatives) pirsidomine; molsidomine; linsidomine som- Growth hormone derivatives somatrem; somatropin subgroups: som- -bove Growth hormone derivatives; bovine somatotropin derivatives sometribove som- -por Growth hormone derivatives; porcine somatotropin derivatives sometripor; somagrepor -sonan 5-HT1B receptor antagonists elzasonan -spirone Anxiolytics (buspirone type) zalospirone; tiospirone -spodar (see -dar) -sporin Immunosuppressants (cyclosporine type) geclesporin; oxeclosporin -stat-, -stat Enzyme inhibitors subgroups: -castat Enzyme inhibitors; dopamine beta-hydrolase (DBH) inhibitors nepicastat -elestat Enzyme inhibitors; elastase inhibitors sivelestat -inostat Enzyme inhibitors; inhibitors of histone deacetylase dacinostat -mastat Enzyme inhibitors; antineoplastics (matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors) batimastat -(a)mostat Enzyme inhibitors; proteolytic enzyme inhibitors nafamostat -restat- or -restat Aldose-reductase inhibitors ponalrestat; tolrestat -vastatin Antihyperlipidemics (HMG-CoA inhibitors) atorvastatin; lovastatin; pravastatin -urestat Urease inhibitor benurestat -stat- Renal dehydropeptidase inhibitor cilastatin -stat- Pepsin inhibitor pepstatin -statin Renal dehydropeptidase inhibitor pepsin inhibitor cilastatin; pepstatin -ster- Steroids (androgens, anabolics) testosterone -steride Testosterone reductase inhibitors epristeride; fenasteride -stigmine Cholinesterase inhibitors (physostigmine type) quilostigmine; teserstigmine -stim Colony-stimulating factors subgroups: -distim Colony-stimulating factors; conjugates of two different types of colony-stimulating factors milodistim -gramostim Colony-stimulating factors; granulocyte macrophage colony- stimulating factors (GM-CSF) molgramostim; regramostim; sargramostim; ecogramostim -grastim Colony-stimulating factors; granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF) filgrastim; lenograstim -mostim Colony-stimulating factors; macrophage colony-stimulating factors (M-CSF) mirimostim -plestim Colony-stimulating factors; interleukin 3 derivatives; pleiotropic colony-stimulating factors daniplestim -stinel NMDA receptor antagonists (glycine recognition site) licostinel -sulam Antineoplastics, apoptosis inducing sulfonamide indisulam sulfa- Antimicrobials (sulfonamides derivatives) sulfasalazine -sulfan Antineoplastics, alkylating agents (methanesulfonate derivatives) busulfan -sulind (see -lind) -tant Tachykinin (neurokinin) receptor antagonists subgroups: -dutant Tachykinin (neurokinin) receptor antagonists; NK2 receptor antagonists saredutant -netant Tachykinin (neurokinin) receptor antagonists; NK3 receptor antagonists osanetant -pitant Tachykinin (neurokinin) receptor antagonists; NK1 receptor antagonists dapitant; zinapitant; lanepitant -tapide Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibitors implitapide -taxel Antineoplastics, taxane derivatives paclitaxel -tecan Antineoplastics (camptothecine derivatives) topotecan; irinotecan -tecarin Antineoplastics (rebeccamycin derivatives) becatecarin -tepa Antineoplastics (thiotepa derivatives) azetepa -teplase (see -ase) -termin (see -ermin) -terol Bronchodilators (phenethylamine derivatives) albuterol -tesind Thymidilate synthetase inhibitors (benzindole derivatives) metesind -texafin Texaphryn derivatives motexafin -thiazide Diuretics (thiazide derivatives) chlorothiazide -tiapine Antipsychotics (dibenzothiazepine derivatives) quitiapine -tiazem Calcium channel blockers (diltiazem type) diltiazem; clentiazem; iprotiazem -tibant Antiasthmatics (bradykinin antagonists) icatibant -tide Peptides and glycopeptides octreotide subgroups: -fibatide Peptides and glycopeptides; platelet aggregation inhibitors (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists) eptifibatide -pultide Peptides and glycopeptides; peptides used as pulmonary surfactants sinapultide -tidine H2-receptor antagonists (cimetidine type) lupitidine; ranitidine; donetidine -tinib Tyrosine kinase inhibitors canertinib; imatinib; mubritinib -tirelin (see -relin) -tirome Antihyperlidaemic, thyromimetic derivatives anitirome; axitirome -tocin Oxytocin derivatives oxytocin -toclax Antineoplastic, BLC-2 inhibitor obatoclax -toin Antiepileptics (hydantoin derivatives) albutoin -toran TLR4 receptor antagonists eritoran -tox(a)- Toxins urtoxazumab -traposin AP2 inhibitors seltraposin -trexate Antimetabolites (folic acid derivatives) methotrexate -trexed Antineoplastic thymidylate synthetase inhibitors pemetrexed; ralitrexed; nolatrexed -tricin Antibiotics (polyene derivatives) mepartricin -tril -trilat Endopeptidase inhibitors candoxatril; candoxatrilat -triptan Antimigraine agents (5-HT1 receptor agonists) naratriptan; oxitriptan; sumatriptan -triptyline Antidepressants (dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptane derivatives) amitriptyline -troban Antithrombotics (thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists) daltroban; sulotroban -trodast (see -ast) -troline Antipsychotics (dopamine D2 antagonists) carvotroline; gevotroline -trombopag Thrombopoetin agonists eltrombopag trop- or -trop- Atropine derivatives benztropine -uclin Mucosal tolerance inhibitors -uplase (see -ase) -uracil Uracil derivatives used as thyroid antagonists and as antineoplastics fluorouracil -uridine Antivirals; antineoplastics (uridine derivatives) idoxuridine -vaptan Vasopressin receptor antagonists conivaptan; relcovaptan -vastatin (see -stat) -verine Spasmolytic agents (papaverine type) mebeverine vin- or -vin- Vinca alkaloids vinepidine; apovincamine vir-, -vir- or -vir Antiviral substances (undefined group) ganciclovir; enviradine; viroxime; alvircept; delavirdine subgroups: -amivir Antiviral substances; neuraminidase inhibitors zanamivir -cavir Antiviral substances; carbocyclic nucleosides lobucavir -cyclovir Antiviral substances; (acyclovir type) acyclovir -ciclovir Antiviral substances; (acyclovir type) desciclovir; famciclovir; penciclovir -gosivir Antiviral substances; glucosidase inhibitor celgosivir -navir Antiviral substances; HIV protease inhibitors (saquinavir type) droxinavir; indinavir; ritonavir -virdine Antiviral substances; (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; pyridine derivatives) atevirdine; delevirdine -virenz Antivirals (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; benzoxazinone derivatives) efavirenz -virsen Antivirals (antisense) afovirsen; fomivirsen; trecovirsen -vircept (see -cept) -virdine (see -vir) -virenz (see -vir) -virimat Antiviral, disrupts viral maturation bevirimat -viroc CCR5 antagonists maraviroc subgroup: -criviroc CCR5 antagonists, immunomodulators ancriviroc -vudine Antineoplastics; antivirals (zidovudine group) (exception: edoxudine) stavudine; lamivudine; alovudine -xaban Anticoagulant (Factor Xa inhibitor) tamixaban -xanox Antiallergic respiratory tract drugs (xanoxic acid derivatives) tixanox -(x)antrone Antineoplastics, mitoxantrone derivatives aza-anthracenedione class of antitumor agents pixantrone -zolamide Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors brinzolamide; dorzolamide; sezolamide -zolast (see -ast) -zomib Proteozome inhibitors bortezomib -zotan 5-HT1A receptor agonists/antagonists acting primarily as neuroprotectors robalzotan; sarizotan; ibalzotan; lecozotan