Showing posts with label Gastroenterology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Gastroenterology. Show all posts
GERD
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Calcium channel blockers

Class Summary

Calcium channel blockers reduce the amplitude of contractions. In nutcracker esophagus, calcium channel blockers effectively reduce the amplitude of contractions, but chest pain often is not reduced. Whether calcium channel blockers decrease the force of contraction of muscle or decrease the underlying stimulus is unknown.

Diltiazem (Cardizem, Cartia XT, Dilacor XR, Diltzac, Tiazac, Diltia XT)

Diltiazem is FDA approved for hypertension, vasospastic angina, and chronic stable angina. It decreases calcium ion flux across cell membranes in smooth muscle, thereby relaxing vascular smooth muscle.


 

 

 

Alarm Symptoms (for dyspepsia / GERD) Mnemonic

ALARM Symptoms

Anaemia (iron deficiency)
Loss of weight
Anorexia
Recent onset of progressive symptoms
Melaena / haematemesis
Swallowing difficulty

If dyspepsia and either >55yrs or ALARM Symptoms then ENDOSCOPY

Source: http://med-mnemonics.blogspot.com/2015/03/alarm-symptoms-for-dyspepsia-gerd.html
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Rovsing sign
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clay colored stool
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Nutrients & Absorption
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All of the nutrients that come from food and supplements don't get absorbed in the same place; they're absorbed in various places in your gastrointestinal tract. Below are the rest stations where nutrients get absorbed along the body's GI tract. Because food pulls over at various spots in the intestinal tract, disease in these areas can cause nutritional deficiencies, even if we are eating the right foods.

  • Stomach: Alcohol.
  • Duodenum: First part of the small intestine (takes off from the stomach): Calcium, magnesium, iron, fat-soluble vitamins A and D, glucose.
  • Jejunum: Middle part of the small intestine: Fat, sucrose, lactose, fat-soluble vitamins A and D, water-soluble vitamins like folic acid, proteins and amino acids, glucose.
  • Ileum: Last part of the small intestine (leads to large bowel): Proteins and amino acids, water-soluble vitamins like folic acid, vitamin B12.
  • Colon: (also known as the large bowel): Water, potassium, sodium chloride, fatty acids from fiber digestion.

Source: https://www.sharecare.com/health/dietary-supplements/where-nutrients-get-absorbed
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Mineral oils & A,D,E,K
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Mineral oils is fat. Therefore, fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E,K is absorbed by this mineral oil in the intestinal lumen and gets excreted out from the body. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed mostly in the terminal ileum as illustrated in the below.


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Hypertrophic anal papillae
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Hypertrophied anal papillae are benign growths of connective tissue that are covered by squamous cells. They are simply enlarged normal papillae, which are small folds of mucosa found at the dentate line. Hypertrophied anal papillae are also called fibroepithelial polyps.
(Source: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/anal-cancer/about/what-is-anal-cancer.html)



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Internal anal sphincter
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Anal mucosa
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What is the mucosa?
A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body and surrounds internal organs


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